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Friday, March 25, 2011
Monday, March 21, 2011
ITGS: Create a time line for Mobile communication.
Timeline for Mobile Communication:
3500 BC to 2900 BC: The Phoenicians developed the alphabet. The Sumerians developed cuneiform writing, which is also referred to as pictographs of accounts written on clay tablets. The Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing
1775 BC: The Greeks used a phonetic alphabet written from the left to the right.
1400 BC: The oldest record of writing in China on bones
1270 BC: The first ever encyclopedia written in Syria
900 BC: The first ever postal service in the benefit of the government of China
776 BC: Homing Pigeons used to send messages across countries
530 BC: The Greeks started the first library
500 BC to 170 BC: the first portable and light writing surfaces
200 BC to 100 BC: Human messengers in Egypt on foot or horseback and China with messenger relay stations built.
14 BC: The Romans established postal services
37 BC: Heliographs- mirrors used to send messages by Roman Emperor
100 BC: First bound books
105 BC: Tsai Lun of China invents paper
305 BC: First wooden printing presses invented in China
1450: Newspapers appear in Europe
1455: Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing press with metal movable type
1560: Camera was invented
1650: The first daily newspaper
1714: Typewriter was invented
1793: Long-distance semaphore (visual or optical) telegraph line
1814: Joseph Nicephone Niepce achieves the first photographic image
1821: Charles Wheatstone invented the first microphone
1831: Joseph Henry invented the first electric telegraph
1835: Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code
1843: Samuel Morse invented the first long distance electric telegraph line. Alexander Bain patents the first fax machine
1861: Pony express for mail delivery in the US, Coleman Sellers invents the Kinematoscope which is a machine that flashes a series of photographs onto a screen
1867: Modern typewriter
1876: Thomas Edison patents the mimeograph which is an office copying machine (Xerox machine). Alexander Graham Bell patents the electric telephone.
1877: Thomas Edison patents the phonograph and Eadweard Muybridge invents high speed photography which was the first moving pictures captured motion
1887: Emile Berliner invented the gramphone which is a system of recording which can be used repeatedly.
1888: George Eastman invented the roll film camera.
1889: Almon Strowger invented the direct dial telephone
1894: Guglielmo Marconi improved upon the wireless telegraph
1898: The first telephone answering machine was invented
1902: Guglielmo Marconi transmits radio signals across oceans
1904: The first regular comic book was invented
1906: Lee Deforest invented the electronic amplifying tube
1910: Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture
1914: The first continental phone call was made
1916: The first radio with stations
1923: The first CRT television was invented
1926: Warner Brother Studios invented a way to record sound separately from film on large disks
1934: The first tape recorder for broadcasting invented by Joseph Begun
1938: Television broadcasts were taped and edited
1939: Scheduled programs commence
1944: The Age of Computer Science begins- Computer’s like Harvard’s Mark I put into public service- government owned
1948: Transistor invented enabling invention of smaller electronic devices
1951: Computers sold commercially
1963: Zip Codes invented in the US
1966: Telecopier invented by Xerox, the first successful fax machine
1969: ARPANET- the invention of the Internet
1971: The floppy disc was invented
The Microprocessor was invented-considered a computer on a chip
1976: Apple I home computer invented
1979: First cellular phone invented in Japan for communication
1980: Sony Walkman invented
1981: IBM PC sold
First laptop computers sold to public
Computer Mouse becomes an integrated part of a PC
1983: Computer named “man of the year” in time magazines
Cellular network invented by the US
1984: Apple Macintosh released
1985: Cellular telephones in cars become popular
CD-ROMs in computers
1994: American Government released control of the internet and the WWW is born which makes communication possible at lightspeed.
Read more: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_communication.htm
Read more: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_communication.htm
ITGS Homework : Database
- Define macro, primary key, secondary key, record and their uses
- A macro is a rule or sequence that states how a certain sequence or pattern should be mapped to an output sequence according to a specific method. The mapping process is called the macro expansion. It is what transforms a macro into a certain specified output sequence. In order for programmers to use make their tasks less tedious and error-prone, a macro could be used as a sequence of computing instructions as a single program statement would allow it to be more consistent.
- Primary Key: In databases such as relational database designs, a primary key that is also referred to as a unique key, can identify each row in a table. A primary key comprises of a single column or a set of columns. Depending on its design, a table may have many unique keys but at most one primary key. A primary key is useful while making a database for a school. Each and every student ID number would be suitable for a primary key of the table as each student of the school would have a different ID number.
- Secondary Key: A secondary key is also known as an alternate key. It is the key that carries the physical location of a record in a database. It provides an alternative path in accessing the data. A secondary key is useful when looking for an alternative to searching for the records with a primary key.
- Record: A record is a collection of data or information arranged in a database. In a database, a record is usually referred to as a row which is a group of fields within a single table. For example in a table called Student Contact information, a row would contain fields such as; ID number, Name, Telephone Number, etc. Multiple records are usually contained in a file.
- Discuss one paragraph for each:, web databases, online encyclopedias
- Web Databases: A web database is a broad term for managing data online. It gives one the ability to build their own database without being a genius in the field of technology. It allows one to store critical information in the web database where it can be easily accessible to everyone. It increases the efficiency and communication for the people that need to view such information. The common uses of web databases may be web site polls, feedback forms, party invitations, etc.
- Online Encyclopedias: As technology has advanced, encyclopedias have advanced from being stacked in bookshelves to being available on the net. An encyclopedia being a reference book that covers all branches of knowledge or one main branch can now be easily and globally accessible online. Examples of online encyclopedia’s include; Britannica encyclopedia, Wikipedia, Encarta Online Encyclopedia, etc.
- Explain Data integrity, reliability, redundancy,Data matching, data mining, Database security
- Data Integrity: Data Integrity refers to the accuracy and consistency of the data that is stored. It is indicated by an absence of any alteration in the data between any recent updates of the record. It is usually imposed within a database at its design stage through validation checks such as error checking and proofreading of the data.
- Reliability: Data reliability is a state in which all the data is fully complete and is error free. The reliability of data consists of entering the reliability of the database at different phases of the creation of a database. The reliability of data is an essential for the validity of data.
- Redundancy: Data redundancy occurs in databases which have a field that is repeated in other tables. Data redundancy can be avoided at the design stage of the database by designing the database according to its requirements. By designing the database properly, data anomalies and data corruption can be avoided. Another way of preventing data redundancy, normalization of the data should be implemented in order to make the best of the storage capacity of the system. Moreover, by using suitable foreign keys in a database could reduce the chances of redundancy and anomalies.
- Data Matching: Data Matching is a powerful administrative and law enforcement tool that allows information from various sources to be combined and brought together to a wide range of public policy purposes.
- Data Mining: Data mining is the process of obtaining patterns from large data sequences by putting together statistical methods and artificial intelligence with appropriate database management. It is said to be an increasingly important tool in terms of modern business to the transformation of data into business intelligence that gives an informational advantage. For example: it is used in marketing, surveillance, scientific discovery, fraud detection, etc.
- Database Security: Since databases contain all the information one may need to know about a school, company or corporation, their databases need to be secure. By conducting inference tests, testing for vulnerabilities and decryption of the database, the database may be free from hackers and other security hazards.
- Identify three issues in question 3(see above) and discuss them.
- Database Security: The issue regarding the security of data would be linked to the necessity to implement various systems and software’s in order to protect the data from any collateral damage or theft. Implementing such software’s may be an issue in terms of cost as the software’s to be implemented may be costly and thus the company will be required to invest a lot of money.
- Database Integrity: A concerning issue regarding the integrity of data would be that if the data in a database was threatened by environmental hazards, heat, dust and electrical surges, recovery of data lost may be problem.
- Data Redundancy: The process of normalization of redundant data is a long one as each record would have to be crosschecked and thus the factor of time may be an issue.
- http://www.blurtit.com/q543686.html
- http://www.libraryspot.com/features/encyclopedia.htm
- http://hsc.uwe.ac.uk/dataanalysis/quantIssuesValid.asp
- http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/data_int.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)
- http://databases.about.com/cs/administration/g/primarykey.htm
- http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/seconkey.htm
- http://searchoracle.techtarget.com/definition/record
- http://www.britannica.com/
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
ITGS assignment: Define digital divide and digital citizen
Digital Divide:
Digital Divide is defined as the gap between the community of people that have access to information technology in their daily lives and the community of people that are not aware of information technology or those that do not have access to it.
Digital Citizenship:
Digital Citizenship is an approach to the use of digital technology. It is a concept which enables technology leaders, parents, teachers to understand what the youth users should know to use technology properly. It is a way to prepare students for a society filled with rapid advancement in technology. Nowadays, one of the most pressing issues with the use of technology is the misusing and abusing of it by the young generations. Thus, they need to learn to approach technology with digital citizenship factors in mind.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
HTML webpage 05/10/10
Homepage:
<html>
<head><title>
Home page</title></head>
<body bgcolor=anesya text=darkgreen><hr>
<center> <h1><b>My Hobbies</b></h1>
<br> <h3><i>I like to read books</i></center></h3>
<hr>
<h1>Chitra is cool</h1>
<h2>Chitra is cool</h2>
<h3>Chitra is cool</h3>
<h4>Chitra is cool</h4>
<h5>Chitra is cool</h5>
<h6>Chitra is cool</h6>
<center><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Water lilies.jpg" width=400 height=400 border=8></center>
<center><br><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Water lilies.jpg" width=400 height=400 border=8></center>
</body>
</html>
Second page:<html><head><title> My Second Page</title></head><body bgcolor=pink text=darkgreen>
<h1><center>Example for lists(ordered and unordered list)</center></h1><hr>
<ol type=A >
<li>computer</li>
<li>printer</li>
<li>mouse</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>computer</li>
<li>printer</li>
<li>mouse</li>
</ul>
<hr><center><h1>Tables and lists</center></h1><hr>
<center><table bgcolor=anesya width=50% border=5></center>
<tr height=200>
<td width=50%><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Water lilies.jpg" width=200 height=200 border=3></td>
<td width=50%><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Sunset.jpg" width=200 height=200 border=3</td>
</tr>
<tr height=200>
<td width=50%><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Blue hills.jpg" width=200 height=200 border=3></td>
<td width=50%><img src="C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\My Pictures\Sample Pictures\Winter.jpg" width=200 height=200 border=3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</html>Monday, October 18, 2010
Economic value of information
The economic value of information determines the vitality of it. Networks such as the internet are the means they use to collaborate and access information. Information has economic value because it allows individuals to make choices that yield higher results or expected utility than they would obtain from choices made in the absence of information.
If we come to think of it in a general perspective, some 20-30 years ago, the economic value of information was less than it is at present. To access or attain information, an individual was required to go to a library and search for books or read it in a newspaper. In other words, the resources to information were limited and were not of superior quality. But with the advancement of technology, the economic value of information has increased and thus, information is easily accessible and its quality has heightened.
Read more:
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
ITGS Search Engine Homework
Q1. What is a search engine?
A search engine is a database of tremendous amount of data. The information in its files may contain webpages, images, information and other types of files. Search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input. Examples of search engines include; Google, Yahoo, Library of Congress, etc.
There are a few different types of Search Engines. Each type of search engine gathers and ranks listings in radically different ways.
-Crawler Based: this includes search engines such as Yahoo and Google which gather all their listings automatically by 'spider' or 'crawl' techniques that are searched through by everyone. Since spiders observe the web on a regular basis, it detects even the slightest of amendments made in the website and therefore links it which then may affect the search engine ranking. Also, while the the website is being spidered, it may not be available to those that are searching for it with a search engine.
-Directories: this includes Open Directory which depends on human editors who compile their listings. After signing up for a paid program, webmeisters would submit an address, title, and a brief description on their site and then editors review the submission. Even then, the website may not be accepted. After the website makes it into the directory of the search engine, it is tough to change its search engine ranking.
-Paid Inclusion: Paid inclusion is a way of guaranteeing that the website will be reviewed promptly. These search engines usually still allow people to submit for free although the time constrain may be longer.
-Pay Per Click: Services such as Yahoo SM, Google AdWords, and MSN AdCenter allow people to pay to show ads on their search engine results page. The amount paid by the owner, the click-through rate of the ad and the relevance of the landing page is what determines the ranking of the Pay Per Click ads.
Q3. How to register a website to a search engine?
Generally, to register a website to a search engine one must first create a webpage. After the webpage is created and ready to be published onto a search engine, a suitable service should be considered. Usually the fee would be of around USD 4 per month. Then the website needs to be listed on to the search engine and then the process of improving the ranking of the website in the search engine may take place.
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